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Hi, everyone.

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My name is Brandon Leshchinskiy,
and I'm a graduate student here

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at MIT.

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Now the presentation
that you're watching

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was created by an organization
here at MIT called Earth DNA,

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but it's going to be shared
with high school students

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all around the country.

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And so I'm really excited to
be sharing it with you guys.

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Welcome.

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This talk is going to have
some audience interaction.

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So to get everybody warmed
up, please just yell out

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your own name on three.

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Ready?

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One, two, three.

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[ALL YELLING]

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Nice to meet you.

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Like I said, I'm Brandon.

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Now in this talk,
we're going to cover

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four things: the truth, the
consequences, the myths,

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and the future.

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And I want to start
with the truth.

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In particular, let's review the
science of what's happening.

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We'll go through it slowly.

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In 1896, a scientist discovered
the greenhouse effect.

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Can somebody here tell me
what the greenhouse effect is?

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Does anyone here know?

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Yes?

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AUDIENCE: It's the part of
the atmosphere sun's rays

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go inside it and then
it's difficult for them

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to get outside of it, so it
keeps the earth's atmosphere

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at a normal temperature.

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BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Cool.

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It's part of the sun's--

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it's part of the
earth's atmosphere

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that keeps our temperature
warm and normal.

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OK.

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Anybody else?

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What is the greenhouse effect?

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Yes?

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Go ahead.

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AUDIENCE: So there
are certain gases

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that trap heat and
release that heat

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after it's trapped--
it's something called

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the radiative forcing.

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And so some-- for a lot of
gases in the atmosphere,

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like nitrogen, sun rays
just pass right through.

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But for a select few,
like water and carbon

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dioxide, that absorb
infrared light and then

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for red spectrum, and then that
traps heat in the atmosphere

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BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Fantastic.

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You must know your
climate science.

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But that's exactly right.

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And the basic idea
is that some gases

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in our atmosphere trap heat.

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And you can see here how light
from the sun hits the Earth.

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It gets converted into heat.

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And it gets trapped underneath
this atmospheric blanket.

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We emit these greenhouse
gases by burning fossil fuels

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for transportation
and electricity.

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Things like driving,
flying, air conditioning.

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These all emit greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere

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as we burn fossil fuels like
oil, gas, and coal, greenhouse

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gas concentrations rise.

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You can see here
that since 2005,

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the amount of carbon dioxide,
one of the main greenhouse

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gases, has increased steadily.

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Here's that same
graph since 1700.

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You can see the Industrial
Revolution happening in 1760,

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and shortly thereafter
we start to see

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this increase in the
amount of carbon dioxide

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in the atmosphere.

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Here's the last 800,000 years.

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Now notice in the
last 800,000 years,

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the maximum carbon dioxide level
has been 300 parts per million.

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300,000 years ago is the
oldest Homo sapiens fossil.

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That's us.

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The Industrial Revolution
happened in 1760,

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a little under 300 years ago.

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And here's where we are now.

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Atmospheric greenhouse
gases have spiked.

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As humans emit more
greenhouse gases,

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our atmosphere traps more heat
and the earth gets warmer.

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You can see here the
global temperature

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anomaly from NASA over time.

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It starts with lots
of blues and reds,

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meaning things
are pretty normal.

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But as time goes on
from 1950 to today,

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it gets redder and
redder and redder.

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That's earth warming to 0.82
degrees Celsius above normal,

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or 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.

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Now, I know what
you're thinking.

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I know what you're thinking.

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Who cares about 1.5
degrees Fahrenheit?

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That's like nothing and I
can barely even feel it.

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Well, to answer
this question, we

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have to talk about
the consequences.

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Climate change
already affects us.

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Whether it's through
wildfires in California,

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or flooding in the Midwest, or
hurricanes on the east coast,

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the effects of climate
change are already here.

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Heat waves, floods,
and other disasters

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are becoming more frequent.

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You can see the recorded
natural disasters per year

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has skyrocketed since the 1960s.

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In Boston, the city
is already planning

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seawalls because of more
intense and frequent flooding.

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We are already
doing these things.

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In other words, cities must
spend your parents' tax

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money on climate adaptations
instead of schools, transit,

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and hospitals.

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Unusual weather
also affects food.

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By 2030, a drought could
double the price of corn.

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And maybe you don't
like corn, but I bet you

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like chicken or fish, which
are both raised on corn feed.

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Or maybe you like high fructose
corn syrup in cereal or bread.

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The point is corn is
in a lot of foods,

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and by stifling crop
growth climate change

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limits food access.

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Of course, it's not
just corn either.

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But at any rate, climate
change also affects water.

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This woman migrated over 150
miles because of a drought.

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By 2050, the UN projects 200
million environmental migrants.

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These are people who
leave their homes because

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of changes in the environment.

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And my question to you is this.

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In recent migrant crises,
thousands of refugees

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created turmoil in
Europe and America.

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What happens when
millions of people

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move north in search of
food, water, and safety?

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Can we handle that?

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I'm not sure.

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Even the US military
refers to climate change

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as a threat multiplier,
because it makes

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every bad situation worse.

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And by the way, the
Pentagon has released

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reports about climate change
under both Democratic and

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Republican administrations.

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This is not a partisan issue.

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These problems are not
just in the future either.

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They're happening right now.

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The current species
extinction rate

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is 1,000 times
higher than normal.

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If pollinators go, so do we.

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There's no more crops left.

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We're on track for one
million species extinctions,

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and here's what just
one of those looks like.

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We could live more
sustainably, so why don't we?

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And to really
understand this, we

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have to talk about the myths.

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And I want to set the stage
with a game called Commons.

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So at this point,
I want everybody

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to form groups of five and
count off from one to five.

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Go ahead and sit in a circle.

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You guys can stand
up, form groups.

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I'll give you a second
to make this happen.

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It might be easier for people
in the front row to kind of move

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to--

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turn your chairs
to face the back.

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Because we're going to
be sitting in a circle.

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Cool.

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OK.

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And everybody count off from
1 to 5 within your groups.

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AUDIENCE: 1.

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AUDIENCE: 2.

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AUDIENCE: 3.

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AUDIENCE: 4.

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AUDIENCE: 1.

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AUDIENCE: 2.

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AUDIENCE: 3.

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AUDIENCE: 4.

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AUDIENCE: 5.

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BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: OK.

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Has everybody counted off?

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We good to go?

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OK.

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So you're going to all
start a pond with 20 fish.

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This is your pond's
carrying capacity.

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Your goal at the end
of the game, the winner

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is the person in the
room with the most fish.

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And remember, you win as an
individual, not as a group.

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Here's how the game
actually works.

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Each round, every
person in your group

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will take between
one and four fish.

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You have to take at
least one, but you

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can't take more than four.

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After each round,
your pond will be

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restocked by doubling the number
of fish without exceeding 20.

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So four fish becomes 8,
nine fish becomes 18,

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10 fish or more brings
the pond back to 20.

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Does that make sense?

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For the group of
four in the back,

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your carrying
capacity is actually

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going to be four times the
number of people in your group,

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so you're going to have 16.

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And so all the same
rules apply where

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if you double the number
of fish, at eight or higher

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you'll go back to 16.

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You will never have a
pond with 20 fish in it.

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Does that make sense
to the group of four?

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Great.

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Don't eat the goldfish yet.

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And if you have allergies,
don't eat the goldfish at all.

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So if everybody could
send person number one up

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to the front, I can
hand you guys goldfish.

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Thank you.

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Great.

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So everybody should have a
pond and a restock supply.

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And can everybody just make sure
that you have the right number

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of fish in your pond?

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So it's four times the number
of people in your group.

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Everybody just make sure.

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Everybody good?

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OK.

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You guys have 30 seconds to
discuss strategy starting now.

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[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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Round one.

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Take turns going clockwise,
starting with player three.

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You have 60 seconds.

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00:10:30,130 --> 00:10:32,186
[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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Go ahead and restock your ponds.

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You have 30 seconds
to do this each time.

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You'll play four rounds.

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Everybody good?

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Gonna go ahead and skip.

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Round two, starting
with player two.

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00:11:08,770 --> 00:11:11,535
[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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00:11:33,714 --> 00:11:35,950
[BUZZER SOUNDING]

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Restock.

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You have 30 seconds.

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AUDIENCE: Adding 11 this time.

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AUDIENCE: No, you
only get to double.

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AUDIENCE: Oh, shit.

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So we're going [INAUDIBLE].

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[BUZZER SOUNDING]

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BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Round three.

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Take turns, starting
with player four.

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AUDIENCE: How many did you take?

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AUDIENCE: Two.

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AUDIENCE: Oh, what a guy.

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[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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Does anybody need more time?

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I'm going to go
ahead and skip again.

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[BUZZER SOUNDING]

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Go ahead and restock.

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[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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Everybody good?

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Cool.

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[BUZZER SOUNDING]

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Final round.

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Start with player three.

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[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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AUDIENCE: What are you doing?

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AUDIENCE: It's the last turn.

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00:13:25,341 --> 00:13:27,596
[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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00:13:33,130 --> 00:13:34,255
AUDIENCE: Did you take two?

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[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

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BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Is everybody set?

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Anybody need more time?

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Cool.

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00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:03,318
[BUZZER SOUNDING]

261
00:14:03,318 --> 00:14:04,860
Let's do one last
round just for fun.

262
00:14:04,860 --> 00:14:05,846
AUDIENCE: No!

263
00:14:05,846 --> 00:14:08,311
[LAUGHING]

264
00:14:14,240 --> 00:14:17,340
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: So who
still has fish in their pond?

265
00:14:17,340 --> 00:14:17,840
Cool.

266
00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:18,100
OK.

267
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:19,400
So we're actually doing this.

268
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,350
Sometimes we don't.

269
00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:22,730
Go ahead and restock your ponds.

270
00:14:22,730 --> 00:14:23,810
You guys have 30 seconds.

271
00:14:23,810 --> 00:14:26,270
[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

272
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:40,472
Are you guys all set?

273
00:14:40,472 --> 00:14:41,430
You guys are restocked?

274
00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:42,360
AUDIENCE: We already started.

275
00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:42,970
Yeah.

276
00:14:42,970 --> 00:14:43,530
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Cool.

277
00:14:43,530 --> 00:14:44,700
All right, I'm going to
go out and skip ahead.

278
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:45,283
AUDIENCE: Yep.

279
00:14:45,283 --> 00:14:47,053
[BUZZER SOUNDING]

280
00:14:47,053 --> 00:14:49,220
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Final
round for real this time.

281
00:14:49,220 --> 00:14:51,410
Take turns going clockwise,
starting with player number

282
00:14:51,410 --> 00:14:51,910
one.

283
00:14:51,910 --> 00:14:53,820
[STUDENTS ALL SPEAKING]

284
00:14:58,580 --> 00:14:59,620
All right.

285
00:14:59,620 --> 00:15:01,630
Is everybody good?

286
00:15:01,630 --> 00:15:02,492
Cool.

287
00:15:02,492 --> 00:15:03,950
AUDIENCE: Is it
for real this time?

288
00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:05,242
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: All right.

289
00:15:05,242 --> 00:15:06,110
[BUZZER SOUNDING]

290
00:15:06,110 --> 00:15:07,040
So who won?

291
00:15:07,040 --> 00:15:09,260
Raise your hand if you
have more than 10 fish.

292
00:15:09,260 --> 00:15:11,890
Sorry, go ahead and
count your fish first,

293
00:15:11,890 --> 00:15:15,490
and then raise your hand
if you have more than 10.

294
00:15:15,490 --> 00:15:17,090
Cool.

295
00:15:17,090 --> 00:15:18,280
Yeah.

296
00:15:18,280 --> 00:15:19,400
OK.

297
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:21,830
Only two people have more
than 10, three people, OK.

298
00:15:21,830 --> 00:15:24,510
More than 11 fish?

299
00:15:24,510 --> 00:15:25,340
OK.

300
00:15:25,340 --> 00:15:27,025
So you guys each
have 12 or more.

301
00:15:27,025 --> 00:15:29,210
Do you have 13 or more fish?

302
00:15:29,210 --> 00:15:31,220
14 or more fish?

303
00:15:31,220 --> 00:15:32,600
15 or more fish?

304
00:15:32,600 --> 00:15:34,900
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

305
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:36,650
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
How many do you have?

306
00:15:36,650 --> 00:15:37,450
AUDIENCE: 15.

307
00:15:37,450 --> 00:15:38,450
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: 15.

308
00:15:38,450 --> 00:15:39,500
[APPLAUSE]

309
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:42,920
Congratulations to the winner.

310
00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:44,990
Great.

311
00:15:44,990 --> 00:15:46,790
OK.

312
00:15:46,790 --> 00:15:47,930
Awesome.

313
00:15:47,930 --> 00:15:49,840
OK.

314
00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:50,540
So talk to me.

315
00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:51,620
Why was Commons hard?

316
00:15:51,620 --> 00:15:53,775
What was hard about this game?

317
00:15:53,775 --> 00:15:56,150
You guys can go ahead and yell
it out or raise your hands

318
00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:56,978
as you wish.

319
00:15:56,978 --> 00:15:58,520
AUDIENCE: You have
to have a strategy

320
00:15:58,520 --> 00:16:00,380
that everyone agrees upon.

321
00:16:00,380 --> 00:16:01,130
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: You
have to have a strategy

322
00:16:01,130 --> 00:16:02,213
that everyone agrees upon.

323
00:16:02,213 --> 00:16:02,900
OK.

324
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:04,130
Anybody else?

325
00:16:04,130 --> 00:16:06,670
What was hard about this game?

326
00:16:06,670 --> 00:16:07,170
Go ahead.

327
00:16:07,170 --> 00:16:09,378
AUDIENCE: The thing that
was the best for the commons

328
00:16:09,378 --> 00:16:10,880
was the most
damaging personally.

329
00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:11,620
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
The thing that

330
00:16:11,620 --> 00:16:14,170
was best for the commons was
the most damaging personally.

331
00:16:14,170 --> 00:16:15,770
Anybody else?

332
00:16:15,770 --> 00:16:16,270
Yes.

333
00:16:16,270 --> 00:16:19,897
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
it was unstable.

334
00:16:19,897 --> 00:16:20,980
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Cool.

335
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:22,150
So you weren't
quite sure how long

336
00:16:22,150 --> 00:16:22,830
we were going to keep going.

337
00:16:22,830 --> 00:16:23,330
Great.

338
00:16:23,330 --> 00:16:24,580
These are all good answers.

339
00:16:24,580 --> 00:16:28,060
And really the core of
this is if everyone acts

340
00:16:28,060 --> 00:16:32,720
in their own interest, the
pond, the commons, dies.

341
00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,510
This is called the
tragedy of the commons.

342
00:16:35,510 --> 00:16:38,630
When anyone can access a
limited resource, it runs out.

343
00:16:38,630 --> 00:16:40,400
Roads are another
really good example.

344
00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:46,090
Anybody with a car
can access a road.

345
00:16:46,090 --> 00:16:47,723
And soon enough
everybody is thinking,

346
00:16:47,723 --> 00:16:49,390
if these idiots would
just take the bus,

347
00:16:49,390 --> 00:16:52,180
I could be home by now.

348
00:16:52,180 --> 00:16:54,670
Can somebody or can anybody
else name some other real life

349
00:16:54,670 --> 00:16:56,140
examples of commons?

350
00:16:56,140 --> 00:17:00,410
Think about limited resources
that anyone can access.

351
00:17:00,410 --> 00:17:01,150
Yes, go ahead.

352
00:17:01,150 --> 00:17:01,970
AUDIENCE: Air.

353
00:17:01,970 --> 00:17:03,012
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Air.

354
00:17:03,012 --> 00:17:04,099
Say more.

355
00:17:04,099 --> 00:17:05,420
Can you say more about--

356
00:17:05,420 --> 00:17:08,420
AUDIENCE: Air pollution, how
we're-- just like you were

357
00:17:08,420 --> 00:17:11,390
talking about earlier, how we're
abusing it and overusing it

358
00:17:11,390 --> 00:17:14,218
with all these resources that
we think we need or want.

359
00:17:14,218 --> 00:17:15,260
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Yes.

360
00:17:15,260 --> 00:17:17,468
So anybody can access the
air, and therefore, anybody

361
00:17:17,468 --> 00:17:18,170
can pollute it.

362
00:17:18,170 --> 00:17:18,680
Great.

363
00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:20,579
Anybody else?

364
00:17:20,579 --> 00:17:21,746
AUDIENCE: Wireless internet.

365
00:17:21,746 --> 00:17:23,537
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
OK, wireless internet.

366
00:17:23,537 --> 00:17:24,589
Say more.

367
00:17:24,589 --> 00:17:27,859
AUDIENCE: So if everybody
watches Netflix in high HD

368
00:17:27,859 --> 00:17:30,800
at the same time, nobody
can watch Netflix in HD.

369
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:32,300
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
So if everybody

370
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:33,980
watches Netflix
in HD, then nobody

371
00:17:33,980 --> 00:17:35,180
gets to watch Netflix in HD.

372
00:17:35,180 --> 00:17:36,110
Because you don't
have enough bandwidth.

373
00:17:36,110 --> 00:17:36,810
Great.

374
00:17:36,810 --> 00:17:37,310
Any others?

375
00:17:37,310 --> 00:17:38,440
Let's do one last one.

376
00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:40,470
Any takers?

377
00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:41,200
Yes, go ahead.

378
00:17:41,200 --> 00:17:42,500
AUDIENCE: Office mugs.

379
00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:43,430
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Office mugs.

380
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:43,940
AUDIENCE: Yes.

381
00:17:43,940 --> 00:17:45,535
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Tell
me more about office mugs.

382
00:17:45,535 --> 00:17:47,820
AUDIENCE: If you have
reusable mugs in your office,

383
00:17:47,820 --> 00:17:49,780
you have to rely on people
cleaning them and putting them

384
00:17:49,780 --> 00:17:51,580
back for everyone else
to be able to use them.

385
00:17:51,580 --> 00:17:52,160
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Great.

386
00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:54,452
So office mugs are something
that anybody in the office

387
00:17:54,452 --> 00:17:56,000
can access, but
nobody's incentivized

388
00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:57,250
to actually take care of them.

389
00:17:57,250 --> 00:17:58,100
Great.

390
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:00,620
What about this one?

391
00:18:00,620 --> 00:18:01,670
Earth is a commons.

392
00:18:01,670 --> 00:18:03,200
We can all access earth.

393
00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:05,123
We're all on it.

394
00:18:05,123 --> 00:18:06,290
And certainly, it's limited.

395
00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:11,473
So how do we solve commons
problems, either in the game

396
00:18:11,473 --> 00:18:12,140
or in real life?

397
00:18:12,140 --> 00:18:15,067
Does anybody have any ideas?

398
00:18:15,067 --> 00:18:16,650
How did you guys
solve it in the game?

399
00:18:16,650 --> 00:18:18,500
Let's start there.

400
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:19,820
AUDIENCE: Strategize together.

401
00:18:19,820 --> 00:18:20,820
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Strategize together.

402
00:18:20,820 --> 00:18:21,440
Cool.

403
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:22,950
Can you be more specific?

404
00:18:22,950 --> 00:18:24,680
AUDIENCE: We talked
about how we would

405
00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:29,480
be able to keep the most fish
on our plate or in our pond

406
00:18:29,480 --> 00:18:30,480
by each just taking two.

407
00:18:30,480 --> 00:18:32,188
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
So you guys you guys

408
00:18:32,188 --> 00:18:33,420
all ended up each taking two.

409
00:18:33,420 --> 00:18:34,670
AUDIENCE: Not the entire time.

410
00:18:34,670 --> 00:18:35,630
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Not the entire time.

411
00:18:35,630 --> 00:18:36,378
OK.

412
00:18:36,378 --> 00:18:36,920
Anybody else?

413
00:18:36,920 --> 00:18:39,813
Why-- how do we solve common
problems, either in the game

414
00:18:39,813 --> 00:18:40,480
or in real life?

415
00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:41,438
What do you guys think?

416
00:18:45,787 --> 00:18:46,370
Yes, go ahead.

417
00:18:46,370 --> 00:18:49,083
AUDIENCE: If some people took
more, others would take less.

418
00:18:49,083 --> 00:18:50,750
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
So if some people--

419
00:18:50,750 --> 00:18:52,792
if some people took more,
others would take less.

420
00:18:52,792 --> 00:18:53,300
Great.

421
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:54,050
How did that work?

422
00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:55,240
AUDIENCE: Not well.

423
00:18:55,240 --> 00:18:56,490
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Not well.

424
00:18:56,490 --> 00:18:57,260
OK.

425
00:18:57,260 --> 00:18:59,630
So it didn't work very well.

426
00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:02,930
Well, the answer is, and when
we kind of came upon it already,

427
00:19:02,930 --> 00:19:04,730
collective action.

428
00:19:04,730 --> 00:19:08,090
We have to set rules in order
to solve common problems.

429
00:19:08,090 --> 00:19:10,260
One example was,
let's all take two.

430
00:19:10,260 --> 00:19:13,130
But we saw in your case
that sometimes those rules

431
00:19:13,130 --> 00:19:15,290
get broken.

432
00:19:15,290 --> 00:19:18,568
That's why climate
change is really hard.

433
00:19:18,568 --> 00:19:20,360
But at any rate, setting
rules for everyone

434
00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:22,460
is called politics.

435
00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:24,950
Setting rules for everyone
is called politics,

436
00:19:24,950 --> 00:19:27,800
and, therefore, protecting
the most important commons,

437
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,440
an inhabitable
earth, is political.

438
00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,340
We need rules.

439
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:35,750
There is an issue.

440
00:19:35,750 --> 00:19:37,560
Rules cost money.

441
00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:39,830
For example, if I
can't sell my products,

442
00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:43,740
because I emit carbon to
make them, I lose money,

443
00:19:43,740 --> 00:19:45,380
and that's not acceptable to me.

444
00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:47,300
So now we can
answer the question,

445
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:48,890
why haven't we done anything?

446
00:19:48,890 --> 00:19:53,690
And the answer is, no one
wants rules limiting carbon.

447
00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:55,520
But especially not
fossil fuel groups

448
00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:57,410
who emit more than anyone.

449
00:19:57,410 --> 00:20:00,260
You can see here, carbon
dioxide emissions by sector.

450
00:20:00,260 --> 00:20:03,270
Residential and commercial
industry, transportation,

451
00:20:03,270 --> 00:20:04,910
agriculture and land use.

452
00:20:04,910 --> 00:20:09,040
Anybody want to guess
what that big blue one is?

453
00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:10,010
AUDIENCE: Fossil fuels.

454
00:20:10,010 --> 00:20:11,427
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
Fossil fuels.

455
00:20:11,427 --> 00:20:15,100
Energy, oil, gas, and coal.

456
00:20:15,100 --> 00:20:17,038
Yeah.

457
00:20:17,038 --> 00:20:18,580
The fossil fuel
industry has actually

458
00:20:18,580 --> 00:20:21,370
known about climate
change for decades.

459
00:20:21,370 --> 00:20:25,960
In 1978, more than 40 years
ago, Exxon's senior scientists

460
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:27,550
had this to say:

461
00:20:27,550 --> 00:20:29,500
"Present thinking
holds that man has

462
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:33,100
a time window of 5 to
10 years before the need

463
00:20:33,100 --> 00:20:36,700
for hard decisions regarding
changes in energy strategies

464
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:38,140
might become critical."

465
00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:39,860
In other words, we
have five or 10 years

466
00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:41,860
to figure out how to get
energy a different way.

467
00:20:41,860 --> 00:20:43,390
He said that 40 years ago.

468
00:20:46,072 --> 00:20:50,090
But fossil fuel companies spread
climate myths to the public,

469
00:20:50,090 --> 00:20:50,840
including schools.

470
00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:00,520
From 2003 to 2010,
Koch Family Foundations

471
00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:05,650
and other fossil fuel groups
gave 558 million climate denial

472
00:21:05,650 --> 00:21:07,440
organizations.

473
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:10,148
And I wish that I could share
more financial data with you,

474
00:21:10,148 --> 00:21:12,190
but these groups are
secretive and hard to study.

475
00:21:15,150 --> 00:21:17,250
In any case, the point is this.

476
00:21:17,250 --> 00:21:20,790
Fossil fuel companies know that
rules will hurt their profits,

477
00:21:20,790 --> 00:21:24,670
so they spread myths to the
public about climate change.

478
00:21:24,670 --> 00:21:26,310
But now you know the truth.

479
00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:28,650
You know that climate
change is real.

480
00:21:28,650 --> 00:21:29,880
It's happening because of us.

481
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:31,230
It already affects you.

482
00:21:31,230 --> 00:21:33,210
It will only get worse.

483
00:21:33,210 --> 00:21:36,060
And we haven't done anything,
because fossil fuel companies

484
00:21:36,060 --> 00:21:37,670
have lied to us for decades.

485
00:21:40,190 --> 00:21:42,410
That leaves us with
one final question.

486
00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:43,850
How do we shape our future?

487
00:21:52,970 --> 00:21:55,950
We need to talk.

488
00:21:55,950 --> 00:21:58,510
And I know that words
may seem inconsequential,

489
00:21:58,510 --> 00:22:00,520
given some of the other
information I've shared.

490
00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:04,010
But words give life to ideas
and ideas lead to change.

491
00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:06,580
In other words,
your words matter.

492
00:22:09,550 --> 00:22:11,440
I know it may feel
awkward, but studies

493
00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:13,840
show that teens are actually
great at making parents

494
00:22:13,840 --> 00:22:15,160
care about climate change.

495
00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:15,880
Be open.

496
00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:16,630
Be gentle.

497
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:17,440
Be honest.

498
00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:19,300
You can try starting
with, "How do you

499
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:20,660
feel about climate change?"

500
00:22:20,660 --> 00:22:23,602
In fact, on the count of three,
I want everybody to practice.

501
00:22:23,602 --> 00:22:25,060
So on the count of
three, let's all

502
00:22:25,060 --> 00:22:26,980
say, "How do you feel
about climate change?"

503
00:22:26,980 --> 00:22:27,480
Ready?

504
00:22:27,480 --> 00:22:28,840
One, two, three,

505
00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:32,410
AUDIENCE: How do you feel
about climate change?

506
00:22:32,410 --> 00:22:36,500
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
It's easy and it works.

507
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:38,840
I want to share one
last perspective

508
00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:39,890
on why we need to talk.

509
00:22:46,380 --> 00:22:50,198
It's not too late to
keep our paradise,

510
00:22:50,198 --> 00:22:51,490
but we can't do it without you.

511
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:56,690
I'm going to leave you guys
with a five day challenge.

512
00:22:56,690 --> 00:22:58,273
So go ahead and
write down the names

513
00:22:58,273 --> 00:23:00,440
of five people you can talk
to about climate change.

514
00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:01,660
You can do it on your phones.

515
00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,130
You can do it on
a piece of paper.

516
00:23:03,130 --> 00:23:04,750
But go ahead and
write down five names

517
00:23:04,750 --> 00:23:06,708
of people you can talk
to about climate change.

518
00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:15,830
Each day, each day for
the next five days,

519
00:23:15,830 --> 00:23:19,190
talk about climate change
with someone on your list.

520
00:23:19,190 --> 00:23:24,200
And remember, time
is of the essence.

521
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:25,934
Thank you.

522
00:23:25,934 --> 00:23:28,324
[APPLAUSE]

523
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:34,068
Questions?

524
00:23:38,370 --> 00:23:40,900
AUDIENCE: I noticed the
video presentation included

525
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:43,680
afforestation and reforestation
for the large solutions

526
00:23:43,680 --> 00:23:44,620
to this problem.

527
00:23:44,620 --> 00:23:46,638
Are there others
that we can consider?

528
00:23:46,638 --> 00:23:48,430
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
A lot of the solutions

529
00:23:48,430 --> 00:23:50,440
are collective based.

530
00:23:50,440 --> 00:23:54,640
And by the way, I'll be
sending out a handout

531
00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:56,710
to all of you guys
for things you can do

532
00:23:56,710 --> 00:23:58,780
and informational
resources that you

533
00:23:58,780 --> 00:24:01,000
can use for after this talk.

534
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:03,790
But to answer your
question, the main thing

535
00:24:03,790 --> 00:24:08,500
that you can do in your life
is actually stop eating beef.

536
00:24:08,500 --> 00:24:12,340
Cattle have a huge impact
on greenhouse gases because

537
00:24:12,340 --> 00:24:14,500
of the methane they produce.

538
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,230
And so if you stop eating
beef, that's actually

539
00:24:17,230 --> 00:24:19,000
the single biggest
contribution you

540
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:21,100
can make within
your personal life.

541
00:24:21,100 --> 00:24:25,390
Obviously, if you are able
to drive less, fly less,

542
00:24:25,390 --> 00:24:27,640
that's another huge one.

543
00:24:27,640 --> 00:24:29,830
These are all ways that
you can contribute.

544
00:24:29,830 --> 00:24:32,290
But as we saw, part of the
reason that climate change

545
00:24:32,290 --> 00:24:35,050
is such a tricky problem
because we need everybody

546
00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:36,190
to come together.

547
00:24:36,190 --> 00:24:37,190
We need wind farms.

548
00:24:37,190 --> 00:24:39,910
We need afforestation,
as you mentioned.

549
00:24:39,910 --> 00:24:44,830
We need other kinds of
renewable energy resources.

550
00:24:44,830 --> 00:24:47,560
But in your personal
life, don't eat beef,

551
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:52,110
talk about climate change, and
fly less are the top three.

552
00:24:52,110 --> 00:24:53,130
Yes, go ahead.

553
00:24:53,130 --> 00:24:56,010
AUDIENCE: We talk a lot about
fossil fuels and transportation

554
00:24:56,010 --> 00:24:58,980
and flying and things like
that, and same with beef.

555
00:24:58,980 --> 00:25:00,270
We hear a lot about that.

556
00:25:00,270 --> 00:25:03,290
And now people are starting
to hear more about plastics,

557
00:25:03,290 --> 00:25:04,968
which is a use of fossil fuels.

558
00:25:04,968 --> 00:25:06,510
But there's a lot
of fossil fuel uses

559
00:25:06,510 --> 00:25:09,900
that are huge, like in
manufacturing processes

560
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:12,120
and things where we
could buy from companies

561
00:25:12,120 --> 00:25:14,020
who use less fossil fuels.

562
00:25:14,020 --> 00:25:17,130
But it's really hard for us to
find information about that.

563
00:25:17,130 --> 00:25:19,333
Is there some sort
of resource for that?

564
00:25:19,333 --> 00:25:21,000
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
I haven't seen any,

565
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:23,190
but I can follow up with you.

566
00:25:23,190 --> 00:25:26,900
So I can send you
something after--

567
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:29,670
along with the handouts,
I'll have a answer for that.

568
00:25:29,670 --> 00:25:31,470
I'll do the best that I can.

569
00:25:31,470 --> 00:25:33,880
Thanks.

570
00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:35,250
Yeah?

571
00:25:35,250 --> 00:25:37,145
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
parents would

572
00:25:37,145 --> 00:25:41,610
you recommend a strategy
where you use the spiritual

573
00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:45,400
[INAUDIBLE] argument that God's
given us this world to protect,

574
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,520
and it's a paradise and
we must protect nature.

575
00:25:48,520 --> 00:25:50,510
Or the self-interest argument.

576
00:25:50,510 --> 00:25:52,770
How do you think we should
lead that conversation?

577
00:25:52,770 --> 00:25:53,560
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY:
That's a great question.

578
00:25:53,560 --> 00:25:56,070
So the question is, how
should we talk to our parents

579
00:25:56,070 --> 00:25:57,900
about climate change.

580
00:25:57,900 --> 00:25:59,910
You know your parents
better than I do,

581
00:25:59,910 --> 00:26:03,840
and that's part of why it turns
out that teenagers and kids are

582
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:05,250
actually so good at this.

583
00:26:05,250 --> 00:26:07,497
Messenger matters
much more than message

584
00:26:07,497 --> 00:26:08,830
when it comes to climate change.

585
00:26:08,830 --> 00:26:10,870
And so if you come
to your parent

586
00:26:10,870 --> 00:26:12,940
and say this is
important to you,

587
00:26:12,940 --> 00:26:15,690
I think that's enough
to start a conversation.

588
00:26:15,690 --> 00:26:18,720
Don't attack people,
including your parents.

589
00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:22,320
That tends not to
be super helpful.

590
00:26:22,320 --> 00:26:24,210
To quote one of the
professors here at MIT,

591
00:26:24,210 --> 00:26:27,000
research shows that
showing research to people

592
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:28,690
doesn't work.

593
00:26:28,690 --> 00:26:31,140
And so if you can
talk to your parents

594
00:26:31,140 --> 00:26:33,000
from a personal
perspective and what

595
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,820
it means to you, that,
I think, is the best way

596
00:26:35,820 --> 00:26:37,620
to start these conversations.

597
00:26:37,620 --> 00:26:40,770
Stories and personal
impacts work a lot better

598
00:26:40,770 --> 00:26:43,760
than graphs and data.

599
00:26:43,760 --> 00:26:44,550
Yeah.

600
00:26:44,550 --> 00:26:45,260
Does that answer your question?

601
00:26:45,260 --> 00:26:45,646
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

602
00:26:45,646 --> 00:26:46,729
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Cool.

603
00:26:46,729 --> 00:26:47,988
Thanks.

604
00:26:47,988 --> 00:26:48,530
Anybody else?

605
00:26:51,410 --> 00:26:51,910
Awesome.

606
00:26:51,910 --> 00:26:52,930
Oh, yes.

607
00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:53,740
One more.

608
00:26:53,740 --> 00:26:56,230
AUDIENCE: So what if you
come up against someone

609
00:26:56,230 --> 00:27:00,810
who insists that it's not real?

610
00:27:00,810 --> 00:27:03,420
How should I talk to
somebody who says,

611
00:27:03,420 --> 00:27:06,235
well, I've been brainwashed.

612
00:27:06,235 --> 00:27:08,360
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: That's
a really hard question.

613
00:27:08,360 --> 00:27:10,027
The question is how
do we talk to people

614
00:27:10,027 --> 00:27:13,940
who are truly convinced that
climate change is not real.

615
00:27:13,940 --> 00:27:16,310
If it's a stranger,
honestly, you're

616
00:27:16,310 --> 00:27:18,890
probably not going to have much
of a shot at convincing them.

617
00:27:18,890 --> 00:27:21,050
As I said, messenger
matters more than message,

618
00:27:21,050 --> 00:27:22,467
and there's not--
you don't really

619
00:27:22,467 --> 00:27:24,107
have the credibility
with that person

620
00:27:24,107 --> 00:27:25,940
to sway their opinion
on something that they

621
00:27:25,940 --> 00:27:27,350
hold so dearly.

622
00:27:27,350 --> 00:27:29,720
But, again, if it's a relative,
start the conversation

623
00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:31,610
with what climate
change means for you.

624
00:27:31,610 --> 00:27:33,890
And as I said, I'll
send out resources

625
00:27:33,890 --> 00:27:38,630
from NASA and from NOA and from
a bunch of other very credible

626
00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:44,320
institutions that you can look
at to see more information

627
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:45,655
and why our models work.

628
00:27:45,655 --> 00:27:47,030
And how we know
all of the things

629
00:27:47,030 --> 00:27:48,680
that we know about
climate change.

630
00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:50,540
And, of course, you're
more than welcome,

631
00:27:50,540 --> 00:27:53,600
in fact, encouraged to share
that with your relatives

632
00:27:53,600 --> 00:27:54,960
and friends and so on.

633
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:56,252
Does that answer your question?

634
00:27:56,252 --> 00:27:56,900
AUDIENCE: Sure.

635
00:27:56,900 --> 00:27:58,192
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Thank you.

636
00:27:58,192 --> 00:27:59,090
Do we have-- no.

637
00:27:59,090 --> 00:27:59,909
Yes, in the back.

638
00:27:59,909 --> 00:28:02,034
AUDIENCE: So it was a really
well done presentation

639
00:28:02,034 --> 00:28:03,770
and I appreciated it.

640
00:28:03,770 --> 00:28:07,360
My question is really
more form than anything.

641
00:28:07,360 --> 00:28:10,430
Whenever you ask the question
about greenhouse gas effect,

642
00:28:10,430 --> 00:28:13,148
is there like a number in your
head that you have before--

643
00:28:13,148 --> 00:28:14,690
you'll ask a certain
number of people

644
00:28:14,690 --> 00:28:16,690
before you just move on
for the sake of time?

645
00:28:16,690 --> 00:28:17,773
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Cool.

646
00:28:17,773 --> 00:28:20,600
I want to hold logistical
questions for afterwards,

647
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:22,640
but does anybody
have any questions

648
00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:25,940
within the scope of
the presentation?

649
00:28:25,940 --> 00:28:27,362
Anybody else?

650
00:28:27,362 --> 00:28:28,777
OK.

651
00:28:28,777 --> 00:28:30,360
AUDIENCE: Honestly
my, like, two cents

652
00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:33,015
on Frank's question,
which is coming

653
00:28:33,015 --> 00:28:34,890
from a very conservative
area of the country.

654
00:28:34,890 --> 00:28:37,890
And a very conservative family
that not being confrontational

655
00:28:37,890 --> 00:28:40,540
and just saying, this is how
I feel about climate change

656
00:28:40,540 --> 00:28:42,960
and what's going on has actually
proven to have an effect.

657
00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:44,760
Over years, yes.

658
00:28:44,760 --> 00:28:45,930
It's been a slow process.

659
00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:47,922
But saying the data
you're getting--

660
00:28:47,922 --> 00:28:50,130
where you're getting this
information from is biased.

661
00:28:50,130 --> 00:28:52,650
If you look elsewhere,
you'll see different data.

662
00:28:52,650 --> 00:28:53,890
And then I just leave it.

663
00:28:53,890 --> 00:28:56,440
And over time, they started
to see that and have started

664
00:28:56,440 --> 00:28:58,010
to change their minds about it.

665
00:28:58,010 --> 00:29:00,580
So that would be my two cents
from personal experience.

666
00:29:00,580 --> 00:29:01,080
BRANDON LESCHINSKIY: Yeah.

667
00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:02,205
That's a really good point.

668
00:29:02,205 --> 00:29:05,310
So don't expect for
a single conversation

669
00:29:05,310 --> 00:29:09,630
to completely change
somebody's mind.

670
00:29:09,630 --> 00:29:14,160
That's really hard and unlikely.

671
00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:17,520
But over the course of
these conversations,

672
00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,690
I think you'll be surprised
and pleased at how successful

673
00:29:21,690 --> 00:29:23,700
you'll be at changing
the minds of people

674
00:29:23,700 --> 00:29:24,617
that are close to you.

675
00:29:27,540 --> 00:29:28,290
Cool.

676
00:29:28,290 --> 00:29:29,770
Thank you guys so
much for coming.

677
00:29:29,770 --> 00:29:31,720
I really appreciate it.

678
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:33,720
And we can answer some
logistical questions,

679
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:35,095
but we don't need
to record that.

680
00:29:37,387 --> 00:29:38,220
AUDIENCE: Thank you.

681
00:29:38,220 --> 00:29:40,970
[APPLAUSE]