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The divergence and curl of vector fields are defined, the problem of providing visual representation of fields is discussed, and the gradient of a scalar field is discussed in some detail. In particular we consider how to express it in an arbitrary orthogonal coordinate system, in three different ways.
9.1 Derivatives of Vector Functions; the Divergence
9.2 The Curl
9.3 Visualizing Functions of Two Variables
9.4 The Gradient in Polar Coodinates and other Orthogonal Coordinate Systems